Therapies, Diagnostics, and AI-Powered Research

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) and Zepbound made Lilly the largest market-cap pharma in 2024 by trapping the GLP-1 / GIP weight-loss category. Donanemab (Kisunla) is one of two FDA-approved disease-modifying Alzheimer's therapies. Manufacturing-capacity buildout has dominated cap-ex.

Ozempic and Wegovy (semaglutide) created the modern GLP-1 category and made Novo Nordisk briefly Europe's most valuable company. Heavy investment in oral semaglutide and next-gen multi-target peptides. The single largest contributor to Denmark's GDP.

COVID-era cash deployed into oncology (~$45B Seagen acquisition 2023) and obesity (oral GLP-1 candidates in late-stage trials). Vaccines remains the cornerstone business via Comirnaty and Prevnar franchises.

Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is the highest-selling drug in the world and the dominant immunotherapy across 30+ tumor types. Loss-of-exclusivity in 2028 is the central strategic question driving Merck's M&A and pipeline strategy.

Largest in-vitro diagnostics company globally; oncology pipeline includes HER2-targeted franchise and emerging ADCs. Genentech subsidiary is the historical anchor of modern biotech and a continuing source of breakthrough therapies.

Oncology franchise (Tagrisso, Enhertu, Imfinzi) drove the Cambridge-headquartered company into the global top tier. Active in ADC technology via Daiichi Sankyo partnership. Acquired Alexion in 2021 for rare-disease portfolio.

mRNA-platform pioneer — moved beyond COVID vaccine into RSV (approved 2024) and a deep oncology pipeline including individualized neoantigen vaccines (mRNA-4157) in late-stage melanoma trials with Merck.

Co-developer of Pfizer's COVID vaccine; pivoting heavily into oncology with mRNA-based individualized cancer therapies in late-stage trials. Strong R&D balance sheet from COVID-era profits.

Effectively monopolizes the cystic-fibrosis market with the Trikafta franchise. Casgevy (with CRISPR Therapeutics) was the first FDA-approved CRISPR cell therapy — for sickle cell disease and beta thalassemia.

Eylea franchise (wet AMD) remains the largest ophthalmology product globally. Dupixent (with Sanofi) is a multi-indication blockbuster spanning atopic dermatitis, asthma, and COPD. Velocimmune antibody-engineering platform underpins most of the pipeline.

Alphabet's drug-discovery company, leveraging DeepMind's AlphaFold for protein-structure prediction and de-novo drug design. Multi-target collaborations with Eli Lilly and Novartis (announced 2024) effectively prove out the platform commercially.

Builds high-throughput automated cell biology + AI image analysis to screen millions of chemical/biological perturbations. Merger with Exscientia (2024) combined image-derived discovery with generative chemistry; partnerships with Roche-Genentech and Bayer.

End-to-end AI drug-discovery platform spanning target identification, molecule design, and clinical-trial design. INS018_055 (a generative-AI-designed IPF drug) was the first AI-derived molecule to enter Phase II trials.

Physics-informed AI for molecular design — uses quantum-chemistry-grounded models for higher-fidelity virtual screening than pure ML approaches. Oncology pipeline progressing into clinical trials.

Sequences tumors, integrates with EMRs, and applies AI to surface treatment recommendations and clinical-trial matches at the point of care. The largest oncology data network in the US; widely used by oncologists for genomic-informed therapy selection.

Alphabet's health subsidiary — runs Project Baseline (one of the largest longitudinal health studies), Onduo (diabetes management), and Verily Clinical Studies. Strong position in continuous-glucose, decentralized clinical trials, and life-sciences data infrastructure.

Dominant US hospital EHR — 250M+ patient records, most major US health systems. The data backbone of US healthcare; expanding into AI-assisted documentation and clinical-decision-support via partnerships with Microsoft (Nuance / DAX Copilot).

Largest US telehealth provider — virtual primary care, mental health, chronic-condition management. Livongo subsidiary remains a leader in continuous chronic-disease management, particularly diabetes.